Every Breath You Take

Kate M. Serrano

Who would want to live in a polluted city? We all don’t because we know its health implications – runny nose, cough, sore throat, heart and lung problems to name a few. Poor air quality is caused by both natural and man-made pollutants. Apart from dust and sand particles, the more alarming causes would be traffic pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide that when combined with ozone and sunlight cause air quality to drop.  Pollution is measured by the average number of particles in the air per cubic meter. This is referred to as the air quality index (AQI). As the AQI increases, health hazards brought about by air pollution also increases. The AQI also provides a scale of 1 to 10 to indicate health risks associated with air quality. For example, a number from 1 to 3 may mean air quality is ideal for outdoor activities while 7 to 10 means strenuous outdoor activities may cause throat irritation hence should be avoided. Late last year, a day after the World Health Organization published a report linking air pollution to lung cancer, Quartz came out with a list of the Top 10 most polluted cities in the world. These cities are not necessarily the biggest capitals but are the places where heavy industries take place. The city of Ahwaz, Iran which is a center for metal and petrochemical processing is on top of the list. Here is what the rest of the list has:

                        1. Ahwaz, Iran

2. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

3. Sanandaj, Iran

4. Ludhiana, India

5. Quetta, Pakistan

6. Kermanshah, Iran

7. Peshawar, Pakistan

8. Gaborone, Botswana

9. Yasouj, Iran

10. Kanpur, India

The World Health Organization regards air pollution as the world’s most serious environmental health risk. Did your city make the list? I hope not.

Citarum River: What Happened?

By: Kate M. Serrano

Located forty miles east of Jakarta, Indonesia the river Citarum runs over 186 miles from the Wayang Mountain to the Java Sea. This river was once a tropical paradise but has now become notorious for possibly being the world’s most polluted river containing dangerously high levels of heavy metals, rubbish and sewage. The Citarum provides 80% of surface water to Jakarta’s water supply, irrigates farms that supply 5% of Indonesia’s rice, and is a source of water for around 2,000 factories. With the increasing urbanization in the 80s, both human and industrial wastes are common debris seen floating– plastic and packaging makes the river’s surface invisible beneath its carpet of junk. The main contributors to the river’s pollution are the textile factories in the Bandung and Cimahi area. The dyes and chemicals (read: lead, arsenic and mercury) used in the industrial process are churned into the water and at times turn the water color to red, green and yellow coupled with an acrid odor. Plus, the locals in nearby villages do not have a waste management system so trash is directly dumped into the river.

We all know what this means; we cannot underestimate its devastating effect on the local ecosystem. Yes, cancer rates as well as skin diseases, mental illness and slow development among local children are after effects. And instead of catching fish, local fishermen rummage the river for plastic, which they sell for recycling.

The Citarum River has been in desperate need of an effective solution to its pollution problem. What has the Indonesian government done? For a start, the Asian Development Bank approved a $500 million loan for cleaning up the river in December 2008. And to restore the Citarum, an effective and cost efficient waste management system for the locals would be the long term solution.  Currently, a “garbage barge” is used for a trash disposal service. The barge travels up and down the river collecting trash and waste will be transported to a landfill in the village of Sukaharja. If nothing is done to prevent waste from entering the water, the Citarum River will continue being one of the world’s most polluted rivers. Imagine the effect to millions of Indonesians who depend on the river for survival.